Intended and Unintended Consequences System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Intended and Unintended Consequences System. Answer: Introduction: The unintended consequences bring in those actions or results that are often overlooked. The three types of unintended consequences-the perverse result, unexpected benefits and unexpected drawback will be highlighted in the report. The measures that must be taken to protect against the unintended consequences will be showcased in the report. The unintended consequences are associated with artificial intelligence and machine learning will be discussed in the report. Along with that the AI safety measures that must be adopted to prevent the adverse consequences of artificial devices will be detailed. Unintended consequences or the unforeseen consequences are those actions which result in outcomes that are often foreseen. The unintended consequences can be classified into three groups and they are a perverse result, unexpected benefits and unexpected drawback. The perverse result is the negative outcome which was not intended at all. Generally, the perverse result is termed as backfire (Dahler-Larsen 2014). The unexpected benefit is the basically the positive feedback which is termed as the luck, sometimes serendipity. The unexpected drawback deals with the occurrence of the incidents that were expected positive while something negative has occurred. There are various causes behind which are responsible for the occurrence of unintended consequences, the causes are- ignorance, error, immediate interest, self-defeating prophecy and the basic values (Cicmil et al. 2017). However, there are ways to prevent those unintended consequences. The ones who will conduct the project must gather information about the topic, they must acknowledge the issues associated with the topic beforehand (Hornstein 2015). The ones who will carry out the project must have complete knowledge about the topic and must stay updated all the time. The team members who have made the draft of the project must scrutinise the project, again and again, must find out loopholes in the project. The loopholes will guarantee that the project can fail and can lead to disaster. The team members must remain attentive all the time, must mitigate the loopholes created (Collins et al., 2013). The team member should put themselves in the position of the clients, this can help them in solving the queries that can incur, can be mitigated. The team member must consider the project from the perspective of the opponents, in this way they can know the vulnerabilities of the project, thus the unintended consequences can be checked. After preparing the project, the team member should make it verified by the other team member. In this way, the flaws residing within the project can be known (Gustavsson and Hallin 2014). The other member can verify whether the messages they are trying to convey are understandable or not. The team member should discuss with the agency thoroughly before proceeding with the project. The team members should be aware of all the aspects, all the demands of the agencies, based on the requirements and the demands of the agencies the team members must work upon and must complete a draft (Vigneau, Humphreys and Moon 2015). The agencies must analyse the draft and must give an acknowledgement that everything is fine. The team members then can work on the final assignment. After finishing the final work the agencies cannot claim anything extra and even cannot put their own agenda, in this way the unintended consequences regarding agencies unethical claim can be prevented. The team members should welcome feedback from the agencies or the clients end. The clients must analyse the draft pretty well beforehand and must give accordingly (Boudon 2016). They have demands; they may have knowledge about the topic, so the team members should listen to them carefully before proceeding on to complete the project. The team members must take clients inputs seriously and sincerely and must work upon it (Krcken 2014). Working on the clients input can protect them from any issues or unintended consequences. The unintended consequences must be prevented and for this reason, the team members must be attentive all the time. Therefore, it can be concluded we are not overreacting; we must focus on the key objectives that must be met. The perverse result must be prevented. The unintended consequences may be positive or negative, however, measures should be taken to mitigate the risks occurring due to the perverse result or the negative result. Lack of knowledge: The team members should be knowledgeable about the project all the time. The lack of knowledge can take the time can delay the project, can lead to the failure of the project. This lack of knowledge can be one kind of unintended consequences (Crabtree 2013). The team members must understand the project well, must be knowledgeable of all the project requirements. The team members must consult with the clients if required to gain knowledge all the time. Taking right decision at the right time: The team manager must take the right initiative and that must be within the right timeframe, the draft must be sent to the clients and after the verification of the draft, the team manager must start working according to the requirements set (Reyns et al. 2013). The clients if raise any issues must be listened to and the manager must ensure the client's everything is going all right. The clients must encourage the team members and the team members must work proactively. Revaluation of the task: The project tasks must be evaluated, again and again, must stay cautious all the time (Hughes, Voros and Moreau-Gaudry 2016). The tasks associated with the project must be assessed by the team members all the time, the loopholes must be examined and initiatives must be taken to mitigate the risks. Thus it can be said that the team members must take initiative to detect the unintended consequences and we are not overreacting, the unintended consequences must be detected and prevented (Jacobsen 2015). The perverse consequences can be devastating for any organisations. The organisation can face huge losses, can lose a huge amount of money due to this. The possible unintended consequences in the development of machine learning and AI, and the possible options to protect against such unintended consequences There are possible unintended consequences associated with the development of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) (Reyns et al. 2013). The primary unintended consequence that is associated with the machine learning, as well as artificial intelligence, is that the employees can lose a job with the rise of artificial intelligence devices. Autonomous weapons are the artificial weapons that have the capability to take ones life. If the weapons are handed over to the wrong person, the consequences can be disastrous. The unintended consequences can affect the entire country probably the entire world (Wigan and Clarke 2013). The weapons are autonomous and so they are hard to turn off, for this reason, humans can quickly lose control of the situation. The AI programmed device can be beneficial as well as destructive. For instance, the AI programmed car can lead to road accidents and thus it can prove to be fatal for the humans to use it. The devices can malfunction and can bring some adverse effects. Another unintended consequence that can occur is the loss of jobs. The robots powered by AI are capable to perform automatically and the robots can perform the same programs like human beings. Many factories have appointed the robots and the robots have the functionality to work more efficiently compared to the humans. The robots perform activities that are error free and also take considerably less time compared to the humans (Brggemann, Hitz, and Sellhorn 2013). The highly intelligent robots can be deadly dangerous to the human beings. The robots can outperform the human beings and can rule the planet as well. They can control the entire human race and thus this is the unintended consequence that can lead to disaster. There is another unintended consequence associated with the machine learning and AI devices are hackers attack. The AI devices are IoT devices and they can be hacked by hackers or intruders. The hackers can attack the robots by internet activity and can take control of them, thus the hackers can conduct any malicious activities using those robots. The unintended consequences related to machine learning and artificial intelligence can only be prevented by AI safety research. The tech gurus and the policymakers and the researchers must research and take safety measures to prevent the malicious effect brought about by unintended consequences (Wigan and Clarke 2013). The artificial intelligence must be implied ethically so that it can benefit the humans. Thus the best possible way will be concentrating on accelerating the advancement of the human race rather than focussing on impeding the artificial intelligence devices. It can be concluded from the above discourse that the unintended consequences- the perverse result, unexpected benefits and unexpected drawback can be prevented by adopting ethical measures. The report has highlighted the unintended consequences associated with the artificial intelligence and machine learning. The measures that must be taken to prevent the perverse effect of unintended consequences have been highlighted in the report. The artificial devices can prove to be beneficial; however, the same artificial device can prove to be detrimental to the wrong use of those devices. The report has concluded that AI safety research must be conducted to ensure the ethical use of the artificial devices. References Boudon, R., 2016.The unintended consequences of social action. Springer. Brggemann, U., Hitz, J.M. and Sellhorn, T., 2013. Intended and unintended consequences of mandatory IFRS adoption: A review of extant evidence and suggestions for future research.European Accounting Review,22(1), pp.1-37. Cicmil, S., Cooke-Davies, T., Crawford, L. and Richardson, K., 2017, April. Exploring the complexity of projects: Implications of complexity theory for project management practice. Project Management Institute. Collins, R.D., de Neufville, R., Claro, J., Oliveira, T. and Pacheco, A.P., 2013. Forest fire management to avoid unintended consequences: A case study of Portugal using system dynamics.Journal of environmental management,130, pp.1-9. Crabtree, R.D., 2013. The intended and unintended consequences of international service-learning.Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement,17(2), pp.43-66. Dahler-Larsen, P., 2014. Constitutive effects of performance indicators: getting beyond unintended consequences. Public Management Review,16(7), pp.969-986. Gustavsson, T.K. and Hallin, A., 2014. Rethinking dichotomization: A critical perspective on the use of hard and soft in project management research.International Journal of Project Management,32(4), pp.568-577. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Hughes, C., Voros, S. and Moreau-Gaudry, A., 2016. Unintended Consequences of Sensor, Signal, and Imaging Informatics: New Problems and New Solutions.IMIA Yearbook, pp.159-162. Jacobsen, K.L., 2015.The politics of humanitarian technology: good intentions, unintended consequences and insecurity. Routledge. Krcken, G., 2014. Higher education reforms and unintended consequences: a research agenda.Studies in Higher Education,39(8), pp.1439-1450. Reyns, B.W., Burek, M.W., Henson, B. and Fisher, B.S., 2013. The unintended consequences of digital technology: Exploring the relationship between sexting and cybervictimization.Journal of Crime and Justice,36(1), pp.1-17. Vigneau, L., Humphreys, M. and Moon, J., 2015. How do firms comply with international sustainability standards? Processes and consequences of adopting the global reporting initiative.Journal of Business Ethics,131(2), pp.469-486. Wigan, M.R. and Clarke, R., 2013. Big data's big unintended consequences.Computer,46(6), pp.46-53.