In Support Of Human Cloning Essays - Cloning, Human Cloning, Dolly

In Support Of Human Cloning Essays - Cloning, Human Cloning, Dolly In Support Of Human Cloning Human cloning is inescapable. As a feature of the advancement of science, human cloning will occur paying little heed to who contradicts it. In this paper I will clarify what human cloning is, a portion of the moral and good issues with it, some health advantages it could serve, what various religions consider cloning people, and at last why I feel this would be valuable to our general public. So as to comprehend the complaints and the capability of human cloning, one must know precisely it is and how it is finished. So as to clone a living being (creature or human), researchers start with an egg (ovum) of a grown-up female. Ladies by and large produce just a single every month except can be synthetically animated to create more. Analysts expel the DNA-containing core from the egg. Cells from the subject to be cloned are gotten by different techniques including a scratching within the cheek, and the DNA-containing core is expelled from one of these. Next the grown-up cell core is embedded into the egg with a modern atomic exchange, and the egg is animated (electrically or synthetically) to fool it into isolating simply like an undeveloped organism. At the point when the incipient organism arrives at the fitting stage, you embed it into the uterus of the lady who will bring forth it. After incubation, the clone is conceived in the ordinary way (Eibert, standard. 2-5). The youngster that is conceived because of cloning would be almost hereditarily indistinguishable (the egg holds some mitochondrial DNA that may possibly adjust the new DNA somewhat) to the subject cloned. The clone should seem to be like the grown-up it was cloned from, yet that is the place the likenesses would end. The clone would have a totally extraordinary arrangement of life encounters. It would be raised by various guardians, experience childhood in an alternate time and diverse area, and have various conditions transpire en route. It wouldnt be a similar individual it was cloned from; it would be its own exceptional person who coincidentally had a similar DNA. The qualities of an individual (physical just as social) are initiated by arbitrary decisions on the DNA. An individual has twenty-three chromosomes from their mom and twenty-three from the dad. Regardless of whether an individual has blue eyes is an arbitrary pick from the two arrangements of chromosomes. Indistinguis hable twins are additionally very not the same as one another: their fingerprints are unique, now and then one twin will be hefty and one not, and in some cases one is gay and one isn't. It is these arbitrary initiations that we cannot control, and these irregular actuations might be distinctive in a clone than they were in the first person.(Eibert, standard. 40). So what is society so terrified of? For what reason is the subject of human cloning practically no-no? I think most of the populace imagines cloning as a type of mass-advertise where one can arrange a child or make a great many indistinguishable individuals. This was a similar kind of dread that in-vitro preparation (IVF, unnaturally conceived children) made when it was begun during the 1970s, and, in principle, this couldnt be all the more off-base. One of the fundamental issues that the vast majority have with cloning of people is they accept that trying to make someone else there will be numerous ineffective endeavors. There is a dread that in framing undeveloped organisms there will be numerous that are disfigured, crushed, or in any case investigated for logical increase. Marc Zabludoff writes in Fear and yearning that to get one effective birth, numerous infants would need to bite the dust in bombed techniques a totally unsatisfactory practice (6) It has been broadly promoted that in making Dolly, the cloned sheep, it took 277 attempts. This isnt very obvious. What it took to clone Dolly was 277 eggs with an intertwined core. Just 27 of them isolated past the 2-cell stage. Just 13 of these shaped incipient organisms and were embedded into a sheep uterus; of these 13, just 1, Dolly, was conceived. It wasnt that any of the sheep undeveloped organisms were twisted or controlled, the grown-up sheep essentially neglected to imagine, much like an ineffective test-tube origination (Eibert, standard. 12). So this dread of disfigured or

Macbeth Tragedy Or Satire Essays (1935 words) -

Macbeth: Tragedy or Satire? Macbeth: Tragedy or on the other hand Satire? William Shakespeare composed four extraordinary catastrophes, the remainder of which was written in 1606 and titled Macbeth. This disaster, as it is considered by cultural pundits of yesterday's abstract world, examines the detestable element of contention, offering a dull and miserable environment of a world ruled by the forces ofdarkness. Macbeth, more so than any of Shakespeare's other appalling heroes, needs to confront the controls and choose: would it be a good idea for him to capitulate or would it be advisable for him to stand up to? Macbeth gets it the purposes behind opposing underhandedness but then he continues with an unfortunate arrangement, induced by the predictions of the three Weird Sisters. In this manner we should inquire the inquiry: If Macbeth is following up on the driving forces invigorated by the predictions of his destiny, is this Shakespearean masterpiece actually a Tragedy? Aristotle, perhaps the best man in the history of human idea, deciphered Tragedy as a kind planned to introduce an uplifted and agreeable impersonation of nature, and, specifically, those parts of nature that touch most intently upon human life. This I think Macbeth achieves. Be that as it may, Aristotle includes a couple of conditions. As per Aristotle, a catastrophe must have six sections: plot, character, phrasing, thought, scene, and melody. Most significant is the plot, the structure of the occurrences. Disaster is not an impersonation of men, yet of activity and life. It is by men's activities that they gain bliss or trouble. Aristotle expressed, in light of Plato, that catastrophe creates a fortifying impact on the human character through a katharsis, a legitimate purgation of pity and dread. An effective disaster, at that point, adventures and requests toward the beginning to two fundamental feelings: dread and pity. Disaster manages the component of wickedness, with what we least need and most dread to confront, and with what is dangerous to human life what's more, values. It additionally attracts out our capacity to identify with the unfortunate character, feeling a portion of the effect of the malicious ourselves. Does Macbeth prevail at this level? Can the peruser have sympathy and fear for Macbeth? Or on the other hand does the peruser feel that Macbeth himself is just a branch from the base of all malicious and not poor people, spurned, destiny indented man, concurring to Aristotle's concept of catastrophe, he should depict? Can the readerpurge his feelings of pity and dread by putting himself in the chains of destiny Macbeth has been detained in? Or then again does he feel the force and covetousness whereupon Macbeth flourishes, thrives, lastly falls? I accept the last is the almost certain response, and that the peruser considers Macbeth to be a trouble maker, having practically zero sympathy for him. Aristotle likewise demands that the principle character of a disaster must have a terrible blemish. Most catastrophes come up short, agreeing to Aristotle, because of the rendering of character. To permit the character to just be a survivor of capricious and undeserved cataclysms would damage the total, independent solidarity of activity in the disaster. On the off chance that that is in this way, and on the off chance that we expect that the gathering of three witches is a reasonable probability, at that point isn't Macbeth such a casualty? Does he truly merit the adversity that is brought him by his fortune? All things considered, Macbeth is acquainted with the peruser as a genuine and humble pioneer. His destiny, once having been uncovered to him, drives him to covetousness, raises his desire for force, and coins a prideful and misinformed trust in his apparently unceasing mortality. Phrasing, the declaration of the importance in words, is close to consummate in Macbeth, basically on the grounds that it is composed by William Shakespeare, the designer of immaculate lingual authority. Thought- - the assignment of saying what is conceivable and appropriate in the conditions of the play- - can not be contested. Scene and Song are the impacts that feature the play, and are appropriate in giving a passionate fascination. Such components are handily found in Shakespeare. Macbeth is composed with the style and beauty that no one but Shakespeare could give. In this way, these components of grievous show can not be tested in this contention. While we have to think about that Macbeth endeavors on power, and in doing so loses his estimations of quietude and mankind, it ought not be overlooked that Macbeth does, at specific occasions, feel regret for things he has done. In Act 2, Scene 2, Macbeth trusts in Lady Macbeth after the homicide of Duncan: But wherefore wouldn't I be able to articulate So be it? I had most need of gift, and So be it Stuck in my throat. also, Methought I heard a voice cry Rest no more! Macbeth murders rest, the honest rest, Rest that sews up the raveled sleave of

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Jeffrey Carr, NYU Stern School of Business

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Jeffrey Carr, NYU Stern School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school. However, the educational experience you will have is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Today, we profile  Jeffrey Carr  from  New York University’s (NYU’s) Leonard N. Stern School of Business. Having taught at Stern for more than a decade as an adjunct associate professor (and earning the 1996 Stern/Citibank Teacher of the Year Award),  Jeffrey Carr  joined Stern’s full-time faculty in 2007 and is now a clinical professor of marketing and entrepreneurship. Carr also serves as director of the NYU Stern Fashion and Luxury Lab, which was launched in 2017. He was formerly the executive director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship Innovation and has garnered a reputation as one of the school’s most respected marketing experts, featured by such major news outlets as NBC and the  New York Times. Carr is president of Marketing Foundations Inc. and has worked on projects for such companies as Booz Allen Hamilton, IBM, General Electric, Pfizer, Kodak, Time Inc., and Unilever. As one first year we interviewed said of his experience at Stern, “So far, the most impressive class has been ‘Marketing’ with Jeff Carr,” adding, “He’s super engaging and makes you think more about the consequences of your actions in marketing than simply teaching you the tools. The class structure is very informal, but all of the students are learning a ton.” For more information about NYU Stern and 16 other top-ranked business schools, check out our free  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet New York University (Stern) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Jeffrey Carr, NYU Stern School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose an MBA program, but the educational experience you will have is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we profile  Jeffrey Carr  from  New York University’s (NYU’s) Leonard N. Stern School of Business. Having taught at Stern for more than a decade as an adjunct associate professor (earning him the 1996 Stern/Citibank Teacher of the Year Award),  Jeffrey Carr  joined Stern’s full-time faculty in 2007 and is now a clinical professor of marketing and entrepreneurship. He served formerly as the executive director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship Innovation and has garnered a reputation as one of the school’s most respected marketing experts, featured by such major news outlets as NBC and the  New York Times. Carr is president of Marketing Foundations Inc. and has worked on projects for such companies as Booz Allen Hamilton, IBM, General Electric, Pfizer, Kodak, Time Inc., and Unilever. As one first year we interviewed said of his experience at Stern, “So far, the most impressive class has been ‘Marketing’ with Jeff Carr,” adding, “He’s super engaging and makes you think more about the consequences of your actions in marketing than simply teaching you the tool s. The class structure is very informal, but all of the students are learning a ton.” For more information about NYU Stern and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet New York University (Stern) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Jeffrey Carr, NYU Stern School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school. However, the educational experience you will have is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Today, we profile  Jeffrey Carr  from  New York University’s (NYU’s) Leonard N. Stern School of Business. Having taught at Stern for more than a decade as an adjunct associate professor (and earning the 1996 Stern/Citibank Teacher of the Year Award),  Jeffrey Carr  joined Stern’s full-time faculty in 2007 and is now a clinical professor of marketing and entrepreneurship. Carr also serves as director of the NYU Stern Fashion and Luxury Lab, which was launched in 2017. He was formerly the executive director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship Innovation and has garnered a reputation as one of the school’s most respected marketing experts, featured by such major news outlets as NBC and the  New York Times. Carr is president of Marketing Foundations Inc. and has worked on projects for such companies as Booz Allen Hamilton, IBM, General Electric, Pfizer, Kodak, Time Inc., and Unilever. As one first year we interviewed said of his experience at Stern, “So far, the most impressive class has been ‘Marketing’ with Jeff Carr,” adding, “He’s super engaging and makes you think more about the consequences of your actions in marketing than simply teaching you the tools. The class structure is very informal, but all of the students are learning a ton.” For more information about NYU Stern and 16 other top-ranked business schools, check out the free  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet New York University (Stern) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Jeffrey Carr, NYU Stern School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school. However, the educational experience you will have is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Today, we profile  Jeffrey Carr  from  New York University’s (NYU’s) Leonard N. Stern School of Business. Having taught at Stern for more than a decade as an adjunct associate professor (earning him the 1996 Stern/Citibank Teacher of the Year Award),  Jeffrey Carr  joined Stern’s full-time faculty in 2007 and is now a clinical professor of marketing and entrepreneurship. He served formerly as the executive director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship Innovation and has garnered a reputation as one of the school’s most respected marketing experts, featured by such major news outlets as NBC and the  New York Times. Carr is president of Marketing Foundations Inc. and has worked on projects for such companies as Booz Allen Hamilton, IBM, General Electric, Pfizer, Kodak, Time Inc., and Unilever. As one first year we interviewed said of his experience at Stern, “So far, the most impressive class has been ‘Marketing’ with Jeff Carr,” adding, “He’s super engaging and makes you think more about the consequences of your actions in marketing than simply teaching you the tool s. The class structure is very informal, but all of the students are learning a ton.” For more information about NYU Stern and 16 other top-ranked business schools, check out the free  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet New York University (Stern) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Jeffrey Carr, NYU Stern School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school at attend, but the educational experience itself is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we profile  Jeffrey Carr  from  New York University’s (NYU’s) Leonard N. Stern School of Business. Having taught at Stern for over a decade as an adjunct associate professor (earning him the 1996 Stern/Citibank Teacher of the Year Award),  Jeffrey Carr  (“International Marketing,” “Marketing Management,” and “Strategic Management”)  joined Stern’s full-time faculty in 2007. He served formerly as the executive director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship Innovation and has quickly garnered a reputation as one of the school’s most respected marketing experts, featured by such major news outlets as NBC and the  New York Times. Carr is president of Marketing Foundations Inc. and has worked on projects for Booz Allen Hamilton, IBM, General Electric, Pfizer, Kodak, Time Inc., and Unilever. As one first year we interviewed said of his experience at Stern, “So far, the most impressive class has been ‘Marketing’ with Jeff Carr,” adding, “He’s super engaging and makes you think more about the consequences of your actions in marketing than simply teaching you the tools. The class structure is very informal, but all of the students are learning a ton.” For more information about NYU Stern and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet New York University (Stern) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Jeffrey Carr, NYU Stern School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school. However, the educational experience you will have is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Today, we profile  Jeffrey Carr  from  New York University’s (NYU’s) Leonard N. Stern School of Business. Having taught at Stern for more than a decade as an adjunct associate professor (earning him the 1996 Stern/Citibank Teacher of the Year Award),  Jeffrey Carr  joined Stern’s full-time faculty in 2007 and is now a clinical professor of marketing and entrepreneurship. He served formerly as the executive director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship Innovation and has garnered a reputation as one of the school’s most respected marketing experts, featured by such major news outlets as NBC and the  New York Times. Carr is president of Marketing Foundations Inc. and has worked on projects for such companies as Booz Allen Hamilton, IBM, General Electric, Pfizer, Kodak, Time Inc., and Unilever. As one first year we interviewed said of his experience at Stern, “So far, the most impressive class has been ‘Marketing’ with Jeff Carr,” adding, “He’s super engaging and makes you think more about the consequences of your actions in marketing than simply teaching you the tool s. The class structure is very informal, but all of the students are learning a ton.” For more information about NYU Stern and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet New York University (Stern) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Jeffrey Carr, NYU Stern School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school at attend, but the educational experience itself is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we profile  Jeffrey Carr  from  New York University’s (NYU’s) Leonard N. Stern School of Business. Having taught at Stern for over a decade as an adjunct associate professor (earning him the 1996 Stern/Citibank Teacher of the Year Award), Jeffrey Carr  (“International Marketing,” “Marketing Management” and “Strategic Management”)  joined Stern’s full-time faculty in 2007. He served formerly as the executive director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship Innovation and has quickly garnered a reputation as one of the school’s most respected marketing experts, featured by such major news outlets as NBC and the New York Times. Carr is president of Marketing Foundations Inc. and has worked on projects for Booz Allen Hamilton, IBM, General Electric, Pfizer, Kodak, Time Inc. and Unilever. As one first year we interviewed said of his experience at Stern, “So far, the most impressive class has been ‘Marketing’ with Jeff Carr,” adding, “He’s super engaging and makes you think more about the consequences of your actions in marketing than simply teaching you the tools. The class structure is very informal, but all of the students are learning a ton.” For more information about NYU Stern and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides.   Share ThisTweet New York University (Stern) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Jeffrey Carr, NYU Stern School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school. However, the educational experience you will have is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we profile  Jeffrey Carr  from  New York University’s (NYU’s) Leonard N. Stern School of Business. Having taught at Stern for more than a decade as an adjunct associate professor (earning him the 1996 Stern/Citibank Teacher of the Year Award),  Jeffrey Carr  joined Stern’s full-time faculty in 2007 and is now a clinical professor of marketing and entrepreneurship. He served formerly as the executive director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship Innovation and has garnered a reputation as one of the school’s most respected marketing experts, featured by such major news outlets as NBC and the  New York Times. Carr is president of Marketing Foundations Inc. and has worked on projects for such companies as Booz Allen Hamilton, IBM, General Electric, Pfizer, Kodak, Time Inc., and Unilever. As one first year we interviewed said of his experience at Stern, “So far, the most impressive class has been ‘Marketing’ with Jeff Carr,” adding, “He’s super engaging and makes you think more about the consequences of your actions in marketing than simply teaching you the tool s. The class structure is very informal, but all of the students are learning a ton.” For more information about NYU Stern and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet New York University (Stern) Professor Profiles

Utilitarianism Or Deontology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2575 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Ethics Essay Level High school Tags: Utilitarianism Essay Did you like this example? Moral theories evaluate morality typically on the following factors: the agent, or the persons reasoning behind the action; the action and whether the action is good or bad; or the consequences, or results of the action. Moral theories can evaluate one, two, or all three of the optionsit is all up to the theory itself in what it evaluates. Consequentialism is a broad theory that evaluates morality based on the consequences of our actions (Shafer-Landau, 122). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Utilitarianism Or Deontology" essay for you Create order Utilitarianism is like a branch on the tree of consequentialism, or a much more specific sub-theory of consequentialism (Shafer-Landau, 123). John Stuart Mills classic form of Utilitarianism aims for the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism focuses on actions being good if they are for the greater good; if they bring about the most possible happiness for the greatest amount of people. (Shafer-Landau, 123). The Principle of Utility is the only moral principle that utilitarians judge ethical matters with. The Principle of Utility states that actions are right if and only if they bring about the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people, and they are wrong if they do not (Shafer-Landau, 123). In Utilitarianism, the end justifies the means. Utilitarianism does not care what the action is or what your intentions were for the action. This means that no matter what action you took, your actions morality only depends on the results (Shafer-Landau, 126). According to utilitarianism, you can use whatever means to get to an end that benefits the greater good. It looks at the consequences of your actions, not the actions and not the reasoning behind your actions; only at the results. If the results are good, then it was a morally good choice. If your results are bad, then it was a morally bad choice. This means that if you set out to murder an innocent person but missed your a im and killed a terrorist that was about to set a bomb off in a building and kill fifty people, then your action was morally good. It also means that if you tried to save someones life who was drowning, but both of you ended up dying, then your actions would be morally wrong. The result is what matters in Utilitarianismif the results of your actions bring about a greater good, then you are doing the right thing. That means that you can use whatever you wanteven peopleas a means to an end, as long as that end brings about good results that promote the most well-being of the most people. (Shafer-Landau, 126). The ethical issue here is Iceland claiming to have cured Down Syndrome. Of course, any claim to have cured Down Syndrome will draw much attention. If you investigate the claim, though, youll realize that Iceland has requiring expectant mothers to be informed about the option to screen their unborn babies for Down Syndrome and other genetic disordersand giving her the option to abort the baby if she wishes, and upwards of eighty percent of women make the decision to do so (CBS News, What Kind of Society do You Want to Live in?). This has stirred up controversy on two sidesthose who think it is morally acceptable for babies with Down Syndrome to be aborted, and those who think it is morally unacceptable for babies with Down Syndrome to be aborted. For those who are utilitarians, they believe it is morally acceptable to abort babies with Down Syndrome. Utilitarianists justify their standpoint by listing some positive aspects to aborting babies with Down Syndrome. With Down Syndrome bein g at the top of the list of the ten most expensive diseases, and Icelands pride in their state-funded health care, the abortions of unborn babies with Down Syndrome is seen to save resources and money (American Magazine, Iceland Isnt Eliminating Down Syndrome). Doing so saves limited and valuable resources, spares the parents from having to raise children with genetic disorders and saves the time, money, and energy of the parents. It also gives the mother the right to do as she wishes with her own body and life (Iceland Magazine, Fact Check). Aborting babies screened positive also avoids people with Down Syndrome living low quality lives and spends less money from healthcare and insurance. The arguments against aborting babies with Down Syndrome are that it denies babies with genetic disorders the right to life and could be a gross violation of human rights. This makes it comparable to genocide, or the targeting of removing specific groups of people from the world (Psychology Today, Iceland ?Cures Down Syndrome). Some argue that it isnt an actual cure (Psychology Today, Iceland ?Cures Down Syndrome). Another argument is that it violates Gods command of protecting innocent life and being commanded to not commit murder, though pro-abortionists argue that it is not murder. Aborting babies with Down Syndrome also reduces the status of the unborn baby, or unborn person, to the that of an item, or a thing that has ended. (The Washington Post, Whats the Real Down Syndrome Problem). While Utilitarianism does consider happinessthe happiness of all, to be specificas a part of ethics, Deontology doesnt include happiness in the evaluation of morality (Shafer-Landau, 126). Deontology is the study of moral duties, or moral commands (Shafer-Landau, 160). In Deontology, the aim is not happiness, making others feel good, doing good because it feels good to help others, etc. The aim of Deontology is to do good because it is good (Shafer-Landau 169). Deontologys moral duties are unconditional, which means that doing the right thing for the right reasonbecause it is a good thing to dois the only acceptable reason to do something (Shafer-Landau 169).. This means that if you save someones life because it makes you feel good, because you would want someone to save your life someday, etc.; then youre not making the right moral decision, because you arent doing it for the right reason. The only acceptable reason that makes an action morally good or acceptable is if youre doing something simply because its the right thing to do. Weve covered that in Deontology, our moral duties must be treated as ends in themselves. But what does Deontology say about people? People must be treated as ends in themselves as well, and never as a means only (Shafer-Landau, 176). The Principle of Humanity explains this in detail. According to the Principle of Humanity, we can only use people as a means to an end if they are aware of it and consent to it (Shafer-Landau, 176-177). An example of this would be asking someone if you can borrow five dollars from them and they agree to it only if you pay them back later. However, if you steal five dollars from someone, then that would be using them only as a means to an endtreating them as an item, an ATM machineand it would therefore be immoral. The Principle of Humanity states that people are not thingspeople are people and should be treated as so, worthy of respect and inherent dignity. In other words, people are ends in themselves and should not be used as items or reduced to the status of an item. Deontology has a very opposing moral view compared to Utilitarianism on the ethical issue of Down Syndrome abortions in Iceland being claimed as a cure. According to Deontologists, it would be morally wrong to abort the unborn baby for having Down Syndrome because it would be using the unborn baby as a means to an end. Some positive aspects of the Deontology standpoint are: first and foremost, it protects all human l ife, innocent life, and doesnt violate human rights to life. It makes it clear where the line is drawn for who is qualified for human rights to lifewhich is everyone. Deontologys ethical reasoning in this situation avoids future psychological pain parents could endure like regret, guilt, anguish, or loss (CBS News, What Kind of Society do You Want to Live in?); and physical pain or complications from abortion procedures that parents could endure. Deontology, while not on a religious level, also obeys Gods commands to protect innocent life and to not commit murder. Another positive aspect of this standpoint is that it doesnt target a specific group of people. Deontology allows the unborn baby a chance to life without others deciding for them. However, there are some negatives to Deontologys standpointit violates womans right of doing as she wants with her own body (Iceland Magazine, Fact Check), which is a controversial issue when it comes to abortion as some will argue that it is not only her body involved but also another humans. While parents are allowed to make choices medically for their own children until the child is a certain age, but pro-abortion arguments justify this by calling the unborn baby a fetus and reducing it to be an item: which brings the argument back around to where the line is drawn in Utilitarianism. Not aborting the unborn baby uses more resources, and forces parents to raise an unwanted child, result ing in more time, money, and energy on the parents and taxpayerss part. The child could have also had a low quality of life from the different health issues and treatments they may receive (The Washington Post, Whats the Real Down Syndrome Problem). Lastly, more children could end up for adoption or in the foster home system if less children are aborted. Iceland, while screening for babies with Down Syndrome and aborting them, may not be forcing the parents or mother to abortbut giving her the option could be persuading enough to compromise the autonomy of the patient. (CBS News, Behind the Lens). The first issue here is the autonomy of the patientsthe pregnant mother and the unborn child. Kacy Cherry emphasizes that, That question alone, according to Ingadottir, pushes women to view Down Syndrome negatively, as something to be screened out (CBS News, Behind the Lens). If the mother is in any way being persuaded â€Å"with the option of being able to have the screening for her baby, or by being told that most women do it (CBS News, What Kind of Society do You Want to Live in?)the autonomy of one of the doctors patients could be under some influence. Also, the baby does not have any choice or voice for itself and its rights to l ife when it comes to abortion under current laws and medical procedures. Wouldnt having a right to live be better than having no life at all? Some argue that it would avoid misery and a low quality of life for people with genetic disorders to be aborted. But how are we to judge the quality of someone elses life? Quality of life varies from person to person, no matter the circumstances. Not to mention, the Average life expectancy is now around 60 years, up from around 25 years four decades ago, when many Down Syndrome people were institutionalized or otherwise isolated, denied education and other stimulation, and generally not treated as people (The Washington Post, Whats the Real Down Syndrome Problem). We cannot judge someone elses life and the amount of happiness they have in it, only our own life. Aborting unborn babies with genetic disorders draws a very shaky line of the rights of human life and who is qualified for those rights. The rules of abortion should be very clear and consistent. The unborn human should have the same rights to lifeand their own bodyas the mother does. Aborting unborn humans on certain conditions could also qualify as genocide, targeting a specific group of people (Psychology Today, Iceland Cures Down Syndrome). Using Deontology protects innocent life for the right reasonbecause it is the right thing to do. Deontology treats human beings as human beings, regardless of age, gender, genetic abnormality, etc. Deontologys standpoint on the ethical issue going on in Iceland is one that I can agree withthat all human beings are inherently valuable. While I agree with Deontologys standpoint on an ethical level all by itself, I also agree with this on a moral l evel from my own personal beliefs and religion. Firstly, I agree with the view of human beings having inherent value because every person should have the right to life. Deontologys moral theory protects any future children I may have and protects all of the people around me from being killed, aborted, or screened out (CBS News, Behind the Lens) of society. It protects my personal life decisions and medical situations from being manipulated by any doctors or government parties. With this standpoint, I am denied the right to have an abortion. In this situation specifically, I side with Deontology because it prevents unnecessary and grey area abortions, though I do disagree on all abortion being ruled out completely. In my view, abortion should only be allowed if it is a survival situation in which both the mother and child could die or the mother could die if she continues her pregnancy. Deontology does have some negatives for me as well. Out of the two, I would be happy to oblige with its rules because I feel it is the lesser of tw o evils. My viewpoints on this are also from a Christian perspectiveGod has told me that I should never commit murder. As Deontology clearly defines what or who qualifies as a human, I have a clear understanding that by doing the right thing and valuing human life inherently, then I am morally doing the right thing. God has also assigned inherent value to human life, and by following Deontologys perspective, I am not only doing the right thing because it is the right thing to do but also following my religion and the commandments of God. God has given us free will to make whatever choices we want in life, but he wants us to make the right choice because it is the right thing to do. In the Bible, there is a passage that I feel explains my previous sentence much more solidly, I have set before you life and death, blessings and curses. Now choose life, so that you and your children may live. (Deuteronomy 30:19). There is a wide variety of opinions and beliefs in any culturally diverse society. According to Deontology, women would not be permitted to have an abortion period. I find this a better option than allowing women to decide whether their childanother human beingshould have the right to live or not. However, there is some shaky ground hereI do believe that women should have the right to abortion if her life is in danger. Deontology does not give us this option, but overall, I find Deontologys theory a much better approach for everyones moral evaluation than Utilitarianisms theory as Deontology protects all human lives. We all have a secure right to live. No one would be allowed to use anyones life as merely a means to an end. It protects all innocent lives and unborn lives. Lastly, Deontology protects the autonomy of patients without doctor or government influence. These are all matters that should be respected no matter a persons age, gender, race, religion, disability or not, etc. Ul timately, when deciding between Deontology and Utilitarianism, Deontology is the lesser of two evilsand in the long run, it protects all of us, no matter our age, gender, race, religion, whether we have a disability or not, etc. for the long run, and grants us more solid rights that cannot be bent against others opinions.

Graduation Speech By Maya Angelou - 1566 Words

Deshanna Glenn Professor Juliet Green Eng. 1310-014 February 18, 2016 Graduation Graduation is a ceremony that almost every single person is familiar with, thus building the connection of the reader. Graduation is an important transition in one’s life. It represents an accomplishment and signifies moving on to something better, more important and the pathway to use one’s knowledge to achieve one’s life goals. It calls for a celebration along with a grand commencement among family, friends, and peers. Maya Angelou’s, â€Å"Graduation†, is about a young African American girl, who is excited and proud of her academic achievements. She strives to bring the reader into her world, while looking forward to her grand commencement. There is no doubt that Maya Angelou is a fantastic writer and by her standards, â€Å"Graduation† is an amazing piece of writing and what Angelou does best is evoke feelings and empathy from her readers. By relating to them and detailing her emotions for everyone to see, she emphasizes her sense o f being wronged Angelou’s graduation was a pivotal moment in her life. She led the readers through her graduation as if they are sitting alongside her. Angelou’s method of telling her story is through imagery; Angelou describes the graduates, â€Å"Like travelers with exotic destinations on their minds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg10) â€Å"everyone said I looked like a sunbeam.† (Pg. 13) These give the readers a true picture of what was going on and imagery vision of how broadly the kids wereShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Maya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings 1036 Words   |  5 PagesFily Thiam English 002 Mrs. Vilato 9 April 2015 Rhetorical Analysis on â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou In Graduation, a chapter in her autobiography â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†, Maya Angelou talks vividly about her middle school graduation in the segregated South. Graduation is an important milestone in most people’s life, as they get a degree and move on to their next level, something better and more important, with the hope that they can use their new knowledge to achieve their life goals andRead MoreAnalysis Of Graduation By Maya Angelou960 Words   |  4 PagesEssay on â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou Racial segregation was very dominant in the United States in the mid nineteen hundreds. This is the time that Maya Angelou was graduating from the eighth grade in Stamps Arkansas. The theme of racial segregation is well shown by the how different the schools of the African-Americans was compared to that of whites in the essay â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou. In the essay the Angelou points out that Lafayette County Training School didn’t have a lawn, hedges, tennisRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Maya Angelou Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesand large amounts of discrimination toward their culture. 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Although common belief states words have no power, words have the power to influence an audience. WordsRead MoreGraduation by Maya Angelou Critique1386 Words   |  6 Pages121 SL May 9, 2012 â€Å"Graduation† Critique â€Å"Graduation† was written by Maya Angelou in 1969. Angelou was born in Missouri, but after her parents divorced, she was sent to live with her grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. While in Arkansas, Angelou attended the Lafayette County Training School. The school is the setting for her essay â€Å"Graduation.† Angelou graduated from eighth grade at Lafayette with top honors and went on to graduate from high school. After high school, Angelou wrote over thirty playsRead Moremaya Angelou Graduation1259 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿09/19/2014 Maya Angelou - Graduation Graduation is an important transition time in every person’s life. It is about moving on to something better and more important and to use your knowledge to achieve life goals. This is what the children attending the grammar school believed as well, including Maya Angelou. Given from her point of view, the story Graduation has ethos because as an African American girl, she shared the same thoughts and feelings as everyone standing on the stage or inRead MoreMaya Angelou Response Essay717 Words   |  3 Pageshistory since colonial times. In her essay â€Å"Graduation,† Maya Angelou recollects the experience of her eighth grade graduation in the 1930s to examine the personal growth of humans caught in the adversity of racial discrimination. Through narrative structure, selection of detail, and use of imagery, Angelou encourages young blacks to follow their ambitions with pride, despite what the â€Å"white man† thinks of them. Through her narrative structure, Angelou aspires for young black students to maintainRead MoreAn Essential Factor For African American1636 Words   |  7 Pagescentury. Separation became the new motto for all of America even years after the end of slavery. With the contribution of Martin Luther King Jr., Maya Angelou, and Malcolm X, equality for blacks was made possible. It is invariably true that persistence is demonstrated in the works: â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr., â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou and â€Å"A Homemade Education† by Malcolm X despite the oppositions these writers faced while trying to accomplish goals of racial equality toRead MoreThe Quotation Of Maya Angelou1066 Words   |  5 Pagesrazor that threatens the throat† (Angelou 4) Speaker: Maya Angelou Significance: Maya was supposed to give her Easter speech in a beautiful dress she imagined would make her look like a white movie star. Instead, it was an ugly hand me down and too long for Maya’s liking. Maya was disappointed in her dress because not only was it not what she expected, but she realized she will never look or be treated like a white movie star. The quotation shows that Maya Angelou was aware of the difficulties ofRead MoreMalcolm X And Maya Angelou And A Homemade Education1791 Words   |  8 PagesJr., â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou and â€Å"A Homemade Education† by Malcolm X, the authors discuss their experiences and fight against inequality. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and Maya Angelou were just a few of the hundreds of thousands of blacks who restlessly fought for civil rights. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and Maya Angelou showed that in the face of adversity to persevere you must always remain strong and steadfast if you wish to succeed. Even with Malcolm X and Maya Angelou facing

Secularism Essay - 1486 Words

Secularism The world today is filled with a variety of religions. Different religions cause conflict because of the dissimilar beliefs as with secularism. Secularism is the indifference to or rejection or exclusion of religion and religious considerations according to the dictionary. The religious civilization acknowledges secularism as any movement in society directed away from the otherworldliness to life on earth. No matter which way it is defined the main point is that God is excluded from all human affairs. There is no God in secularism. It is just the world and nothing else. If there is some form of a God, then it is perceived to be too far for our understanding. Modern cultures have changed a lot in the world in which we stand,†¦show more content†¦It is much easy to understand and believe secularism than to try to fathom or comprehend something or someone that no one can see. Improvement of life by only material means, it is good to seek and do good no matter what it is, and sc ience is the existing Providence of man, are the three most essential ‘laws’ of secularism that are to be followed. The origination of secularism can be referred back to many well known names; as well as, articles, magazines, and a variety of either publication. â€Å"The Counsellor†, which was later transformed into the â€Å"National Reformer†andâ€Å"The Secular World and Social Economist, are just some of the titles of these well known magazines. The articles would consist of anything from secularization being taught in public education to the disestablishment of the church. Not only could secularism be found anywhere, but some very famous philosophers are too connected to this belief. Rene Descartes was a philosopher back in the early sixteen hundreds who based his whole belief of the world on his own capacity to think. He was famous for the quote â€Å"I think, therefore I am†. He later took this saying and used it to apply to the existence of God and man. Descartes way of thinking wiped out an entire era and started a new one. In addition to Descartes, Charles DarwinSh ow MoreRelatedReligion vs. Secularism2082 Words   |  9 Pagesnot the Separation of Church and State nor the legitimacy of the American democracy (though each issue has been raised in reaction to the prevalence of religion in government), but it calls into question the soundness of any democracy that claims secularism as an intrinsic value but whose laws and elections are shaped and influenced by religious beliefs. Because religion is the type of institution in which citizens hold unwavering belief, whereas politics and government require open-mindedness andRead MoreThe Folly Of Secularism By Jeffrey Stout1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthe secular state that is France. 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Secularism according to Merriam Webster is ‘the belief that religionRead MoreEssay on The Rise of European Secularism in the 19th Century2007 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ SP History 117 – Final Exam One May 23, 2013 The Rise of European Secularism During the Nineteenth Century Word Count: 2,152 In Europe, the long nineteenth century, (1789-1914) was a tumultuous era of political, economic, and social revolution which created an increasingly secular culture. Europeans of all races and classes looked outside the church to solve societal and familial issues. Gifted intellectuals proposed new philosophies on human thought and behavior, while innovativeRead MoreSecularism And Indi Secularism1795 Words   |  8 PagesSecularism in Indian context- A Close Reading Secularism in Indian context is distinct from Western secularism. Indian secularism is not irreligion, but multitude of religions. Every time there is a communal disharmony, or a politicization of religion, the idea of secularism in India is re-examined. Secularism in its literal sense means separation of religion from politics/state. But the experience of secularism in India is different. Religion in India is more politicized than politics itself. TheRead MoreSecularization And Secularism1172 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Bible. Starting in the Renaissance, an attempt was made to further separate the church and society. Many humanistic leaders, backed up by the general public, tried to limit the Churchs involvement everywhere else. A new movement called secularism became popular. Basically, it was the movement from otherworldliness to earth and its inhabitants, or a shift from God to man and society. Many people tried to keep the church separate from daily life, and some even tried to take over the patronageRead MoreAn Illustration of State-Society Relations in Turkey Essay examples4296 Words   |  18 PagesThe Kemalist understanding of the secular and secularism which has characterised the institutional and legal framework of Turkish society since the foundation of the Republic is tightly linked to the concept of modernity. A legacy of the Enlightenment, modernisation theses hold that as reason supplants superstition, religions influence on society will recede. If Kant held thatt â€Å"the spread of know ledge and reason would mean [†¦] â€Å"holding religion within the bounds of reason†Ã¢â‚¬  (Benhabib, 2010:452)Read MoreCharles Taylor Doesn t Think So And His Almost 900 Page Essay1998 Words   |  8 Pageswith meaning and purpose, to a universe, massive, chaotic, and yet-unfolding reality in which we are but a small, chance part. It would be tempting to imagine a neat and tidy step-by-step description of how we got to where we are, but the rise of secularism didn’t develop because of any single concept, nor did it nor was it a linear progression of coordinated changes. Instead, Taylor offers a â€Å"zigzag account of causal complexity, insisting it could have been otherwise. Each of these factors hadRead MoreDoes Religion Foster Democracy?1383 Words   |  6 Pagestrust in man’s ability to reason to even approach introducing some form of democracy†. However, secularization and secularism can be understood in two different ways. On the one hand, historical tendency of secularization has meant the organizational separation of churches and states, and we now live in the world of consisting mostly of secular states in that sense. However, secularism may also mean a complete vanishing of religion from the everyday life of society, and this is obviously not the caseRead MoreGeneral Introduc tion And Scheme Of Religion1564 Words   |  7 PagesOF STUDY 1.1 TITLE 1.2INTRODUCTION India forces us to think sometimes in tragic moments, of the function of religious thought within secularism. This is again a challenge for the times. If you look around the world today this is a very important issue; this particular kind of sometimes fundamentalist, of other times religious orthodoxy erupting within secularism, not simply in opposition to it.

Intended and Unintended Consequences System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Intended and Unintended Consequences System. Answer: Introduction: The unintended consequences bring in those actions or results that are often overlooked. The three types of unintended consequences-the perverse result, unexpected benefits and unexpected drawback will be highlighted in the report. The measures that must be taken to protect against the unintended consequences will be showcased in the report. The unintended consequences are associated with artificial intelligence and machine learning will be discussed in the report. Along with that the AI safety measures that must be adopted to prevent the adverse consequences of artificial devices will be detailed. Unintended consequences or the unforeseen consequences are those actions which result in outcomes that are often foreseen. The unintended consequences can be classified into three groups and they are a perverse result, unexpected benefits and unexpected drawback. The perverse result is the negative outcome which was not intended at all. Generally, the perverse result is termed as backfire (Dahler-Larsen 2014). The unexpected benefit is the basically the positive feedback which is termed as the luck, sometimes serendipity. The unexpected drawback deals with the occurrence of the incidents that were expected positive while something negative has occurred. There are various causes behind which are responsible for the occurrence of unintended consequences, the causes are- ignorance, error, immediate interest, self-defeating prophecy and the basic values (Cicmil et al. 2017). However, there are ways to prevent those unintended consequences. The ones who will conduct the project must gather information about the topic, they must acknowledge the issues associated with the topic beforehand (Hornstein 2015). The ones who will carry out the project must have complete knowledge about the topic and must stay updated all the time. The team members who have made the draft of the project must scrutinise the project, again and again, must find out loopholes in the project. The loopholes will guarantee that the project can fail and can lead to disaster. The team members must remain attentive all the time, must mitigate the loopholes created (Collins et al., 2013). The team member should put themselves in the position of the clients, this can help them in solving the queries that can incur, can be mitigated. The team member must consider the project from the perspective of the opponents, in this way they can know the vulnerabilities of the project, thus the unintended consequences can be checked. After preparing the project, the team member should make it verified by the other team member. In this way, the flaws residing within the project can be known (Gustavsson and Hallin 2014). The other member can verify whether the messages they are trying to convey are understandable or not. The team member should discuss with the agency thoroughly before proceeding with the project. The team members should be aware of all the aspects, all the demands of the agencies, based on the requirements and the demands of the agencies the team members must work upon and must complete a draft (Vigneau, Humphreys and Moon 2015). The agencies must analyse the draft and must give an acknowledgement that everything is fine. The team members then can work on the final assignment. After finishing the final work the agencies cannot claim anything extra and even cannot put their own agenda, in this way the unintended consequences regarding agencies unethical claim can be prevented. The team members should welcome feedback from the agencies or the clients end. The clients must analyse the draft pretty well beforehand and must give accordingly (Boudon 2016). They have demands; they may have knowledge about the topic, so the team members should listen to them carefully before proceeding on to complete the project. The team members must take clients inputs seriously and sincerely and must work upon it (Krcken 2014). Working on the clients input can protect them from any issues or unintended consequences. The unintended consequences must be prevented and for this reason, the team members must be attentive all the time. Therefore, it can be concluded we are not overreacting; we must focus on the key objectives that must be met. The perverse result must be prevented. The unintended consequences may be positive or negative, however, measures should be taken to mitigate the risks occurring due to the perverse result or the negative result. Lack of knowledge: The team members should be knowledgeable about the project all the time. The lack of knowledge can take the time can delay the project, can lead to the failure of the project. This lack of knowledge can be one kind of unintended consequences (Crabtree 2013). The team members must understand the project well, must be knowledgeable of all the project requirements. The team members must consult with the clients if required to gain knowledge all the time. Taking right decision at the right time: The team manager must take the right initiative and that must be within the right timeframe, the draft must be sent to the clients and after the verification of the draft, the team manager must start working according to the requirements set (Reyns et al. 2013). The clients if raise any issues must be listened to and the manager must ensure the client's everything is going all right. The clients must encourage the team members and the team members must work proactively. Revaluation of the task: The project tasks must be evaluated, again and again, must stay cautious all the time (Hughes, Voros and Moreau-Gaudry 2016). The tasks associated with the project must be assessed by the team members all the time, the loopholes must be examined and initiatives must be taken to mitigate the risks. Thus it can be said that the team members must take initiative to detect the unintended consequences and we are not overreacting, the unintended consequences must be detected and prevented (Jacobsen 2015). The perverse consequences can be devastating for any organisations. The organisation can face huge losses, can lose a huge amount of money due to this. The possible unintended consequences in the development of machine learning and AI, and the possible options to protect against such unintended consequences There are possible unintended consequences associated with the development of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) (Reyns et al. 2013). The primary unintended consequence that is associated with the machine learning, as well as artificial intelligence, is that the employees can lose a job with the rise of artificial intelligence devices. Autonomous weapons are the artificial weapons that have the capability to take ones life. If the weapons are handed over to the wrong person, the consequences can be disastrous. The unintended consequences can affect the entire country probably the entire world (Wigan and Clarke 2013). The weapons are autonomous and so they are hard to turn off, for this reason, humans can quickly lose control of the situation. The AI programmed device can be beneficial as well as destructive. For instance, the AI programmed car can lead to road accidents and thus it can prove to be fatal for the humans to use it. The devices can malfunction and can bring some adverse effects. Another unintended consequence that can occur is the loss of jobs. The robots powered by AI are capable to perform automatically and the robots can perform the same programs like human beings. Many factories have appointed the robots and the robots have the functionality to work more efficiently compared to the humans. The robots perform activities that are error free and also take considerably less time compared to the humans (Brggemann, Hitz, and Sellhorn 2013). The highly intelligent robots can be deadly dangerous to the human beings. The robots can outperform the human beings and can rule the planet as well. They can control the entire human race and thus this is the unintended consequence that can lead to disaster. There is another unintended consequence associated with the machine learning and AI devices are hackers attack. The AI devices are IoT devices and they can be hacked by hackers or intruders. The hackers can attack the robots by internet activity and can take control of them, thus the hackers can conduct any malicious activities using those robots. The unintended consequences related to machine learning and artificial intelligence can only be prevented by AI safety research. The tech gurus and the policymakers and the researchers must research and take safety measures to prevent the malicious effect brought about by unintended consequences (Wigan and Clarke 2013). The artificial intelligence must be implied ethically so that it can benefit the humans. Thus the best possible way will be concentrating on accelerating the advancement of the human race rather than focussing on impeding the artificial intelligence devices. It can be concluded from the above discourse that the unintended consequences- the perverse result, unexpected benefits and unexpected drawback can be prevented by adopting ethical measures. The report has highlighted the unintended consequences associated with the artificial intelligence and machine learning. The measures that must be taken to prevent the perverse effect of unintended consequences have been highlighted in the report. The artificial devices can prove to be beneficial; however, the same artificial device can prove to be detrimental to the wrong use of those devices. The report has concluded that AI safety research must be conducted to ensure the ethical use of the artificial devices. References Boudon, R., 2016.The unintended consequences of social action. Springer. Brggemann, U., Hitz, J.M. and Sellhorn, T., 2013. Intended and unintended consequences of mandatory IFRS adoption: A review of extant evidence and suggestions for future research.European Accounting Review,22(1), pp.1-37. Cicmil, S., Cooke-Davies, T., Crawford, L. and Richardson, K., 2017, April. Exploring the complexity of projects: Implications of complexity theory for project management practice. Project Management Institute. Collins, R.D., de Neufville, R., Claro, J., Oliveira, T. and Pacheco, A.P., 2013. Forest fire management to avoid unintended consequences: A case study of Portugal using system dynamics.Journal of environmental management,130, pp.1-9. Crabtree, R.D., 2013. The intended and unintended consequences of international service-learning.Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement,17(2), pp.43-66. Dahler-Larsen, P., 2014. Constitutive effects of performance indicators: getting beyond unintended consequences. Public Management Review,16(7), pp.969-986. Gustavsson, T.K. and Hallin, A., 2014. Rethinking dichotomization: A critical perspective on the use of hard and soft in project management research.International Journal of Project Management,32(4), pp.568-577. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Hughes, C., Voros, S. and Moreau-Gaudry, A., 2016. Unintended Consequences of Sensor, Signal, and Imaging Informatics: New Problems and New Solutions.IMIA Yearbook, pp.159-162. Jacobsen, K.L., 2015.The politics of humanitarian technology: good intentions, unintended consequences and insecurity. Routledge. Krcken, G., 2014. Higher education reforms and unintended consequences: a research agenda.Studies in Higher Education,39(8), pp.1439-1450. Reyns, B.W., Burek, M.W., Henson, B. and Fisher, B.S., 2013. The unintended consequences of digital technology: Exploring the relationship between sexting and cybervictimization.Journal of Crime and Justice,36(1), pp.1-17. Vigneau, L., Humphreys, M. and Moon, J., 2015. How do firms comply with international sustainability standards? Processes and consequences of adopting the global reporting initiative.Journal of Business Ethics,131(2), pp.469-486. Wigan, M.R. and Clarke, R., 2013. Big data's big unintended consequences.Computer,46(6), pp.46-53.

Lear Exclaims in Act 3 Essay Example

Lear Exclaims in Act 3 Essay Justice and judgment are key themes in King Lear. The first act shows how Lear treats his beloved Cordelia and his faithful servant Kent with unjustifiable banishment. As the play continues we become aware that Lear becomes a victim of injustice at the hands of Goneril and Regan. To explore Lears statement that he is more sinned against than sinner we need to examine some key moments in the play and examine if Lear is an offender or victim of injustice and whether in his madness he has redeemed himself.The first words we hear Lear speak reflect his presence and powerful personality. This is a king that commands respect and expects all to jump at his command. He barks his abrupt order at Gloucester Attend the lords of France and Burgundy (1/1/29)As we read further into Act 1 Scene 1 we learn he is a demanding father and commands love from his daughters the same way he commands his subjects. When his beloved Cordelia refuses to bestow on him an extravagant declaration of love he flies into a terrible rage and disclaims All paternal care (1/1/107) When his loyal servant Kent attempts to intervene on Cordelias behalf he too is banished. Lear is not used to being contradicted and on his own admittance he tells Kent to come not between the dragon and his wrath (1/1/116). The result of this dragons wrath is Lears immense misjudgement. He divides his kingdom between the insincere and evil daughters Goneril and Ragan. Lear has committed his first of the deadly sins, that of wrath. The image of the dragon breathing fire and brimstone is the traditional image of wrath. Shakespeare has used this image as a metaphor for King Lears rage.Lear is blinded to the truth by flattery in the absurd love trail He has no concept of the true nature of parental love. He is guilty of spurning the true love of Cordelia, in favour of anger. The anger has clouded his good judgement.As the action moves to Gonerils house were we learn that Lear has assaulted Oswald in another one of his rages again committing the sin of wrath. Furthermore, he is so sure of his divine right as king that he will not listen to criticism. The fool repeatedly warns Lear of his folly over the banishment of Cordelia and the divisions of his land. Lear dismisses his warnings and even threatens, Take heed sirrah the whip Lears inability to recognise his moral mistakes and the excessive belief in his own sound judgement means he has committed his second deadly sin: the sin of pride and vanity. Just as his demanding declaration for love in the absurd love trail is rooted in his excessive pride and vanity.Meanwhile, Goneril hospitality towards her father is becoming strained. He is an expensive and demanding houseguest. He is abusing his rights as a guest. When he returns from hunting he imperiously demands his dinner. Service is not quick enough and Lears retinue are becoming unruly and disruptive. She begins to see an opportunity to be free of her father and his soldiers. She complains to Lear of the debauched soldiers behaviour and demands that he reduce his retinue. This is a grossViolation of the contract she made with him when he abdicated his throne and gave her a portion of his land. This is a sacred bond and is viewed as a serious sin towards her father. This is just the first sins Goneril and Regan commit against their Father.Lear explodes Darkness and devils (1/4/208). He accuses her of ingratitude and compares her to a cold and pitiless sea creature (1/4/215)He embarks on a passionate and brutal assault and calling on the gods he prays hear nature, hear, dear goddess hear, (1/4/233) He condemns her womanhood with ferocious and barbaric language and he curses her Into her womb convey sterility/ Dry up in her organs of increase (1/4/232) He calls for the destruction of her pleasure as a parent and curses her unborn child with disfigurement so the child she bears may be a thwart disnatured to torment her(1/4/238) He compares her to a serpent and wishes upon her the noxious us air thought to carry the plague: you fen-sucked fogs, drawn by the powerful sun/to fall and blister. (2/4/158)Forced by the obsession of ingratitude of his two pernicious daughters we can trace King Lears decline into madness and finally into the storm. Firstly, Goneril breaks her pledge to care for her father in her home. Forced by her ingratitude he goes to Regans house. Not wanting to be at home when her father arrives Regan and Cornwall leave for a stay at Gloucesters castle. This is extremely rude and disrespectful. Lear is again a victim at the hands of his manipulative daughters.Next Lear learns that Regan has Kent put in the stocks like a common criminal. Lear points out that to have the kings messenger put in the stocks Tis worse than murder, to do upon respect such violent outrage (2/420) Regan and Goneril intend to strip Lear of his power. To put Kent in the stocks is the first move in their plan. However, it not the first sin they commit against their father n or will it be the last.Although Lear begins to realise that the treatment of Cordelia was unfair in Act 1 when he admits, I did her wrong (1/5/24). It is not until Act 2 that there is a crucial shift and he begins to philosophise on the human condition. Although Lear is still obsessed with maintaining the appearance of power this is a key moment and the start of Lears widening view of human nature. Slowly we see the emergence of a more self-pitying and humble view of himself.Lears enlightenment begins when he replies to Regans question what need one? of his retinue. O reason not the need, (2/4/256) he argues and he reflects that even the basest beggars own things that are not necessary. He compares mans need to the needs of the beast. This introspection is short lived and he soon lapses into self-pity. A poor old man/As full of grief as age, wretched as both (2/4/265) He still has a long way to go to redeem his sins.Lear is driven out into the storm by his madness and Goneril and R egan secure their doors to the old man. They have no compassion or patience for their father. They have driven him out into the storm hoping this will bring about his death. King Lears death would ensure that he did not attempt to reclaim his throne and land.In the last of his powerful kingly speeches he raves at the storm and calls for an end to ingratful man (3/2/9) It is here that he first admits and despairs at his own foolishfolly as a poor, infirm, weak and despised old man(3/2/19) However he is still obsessed with ingratitude and this forces him into metaphorical blindness. He cannot see life as a whole. Kent, the fool and Cordelia are not ungrateful.The theme of divine justice and the images of the last judgement are perpetuated as Lear calls on the gods to find out their enemies and destroy them. Lear has no fear of the gods wrath as he feels he is a victim, a man more sinned against than sinning (3/2/58) He bears the suffering of the storm with impassive dignity. No, I wil l be the pattern of all patience. I will say nothing. (3/2/36)Lears pivotal turning point comes as we see him for the first time show compassion for fellow humans. He shows for the first time an extraordinary tenderness for the fool. poor fool and knave, I have one part in my heart/Thats sorry for thee(3/2/70) He ushers the fool into the hovel urging in boy, go first the irony is that by humbling himself he is lifted spiritually. He has reversed the natural order by showing concern for the fools suffering above his own. This tenderness may be the beginning of Lears redemption.Lear will not follow the fool into the hovel. He welcomes the storm as a diversion from his inner turmoil.At the sight of the poor naked wretches (3/4/280 Lear is again stirred to a spiritual awakening. We see Lear expressing pity for someone other than himself for the first time. He is beginning to see that the duties of a king should not be for himself and his family but for all of those subjects whom he rule s. He says in regretful humility O I have taen to little care of this. (3/4/33) He has realised that he has ruled with pomp and has been and inadequate king and ruler. Enlightenment and humility are the virtues he needs to redeem his sins. Temperance and patienceAt the sight of Poor Tom the Bedlam Beggar (Edgar in disguise) Lear again shows concern for what could have brought him so low. Didst thou give all to thy daughters? And art thou come to this? (3/4/46) Lear is awakening to the struggles of others, even though he wrongly assumes that Edgars misfortune must have been brought about in the same way as his own calamity.Tom acts as a powerful catalyst on Lear. He seizes his plight as evidence that the world is a cruel and evil place. He develops an admiration for Tom and becomes convinced that he is scholarly philosopher. Lear is learning to develop pity not just for himself but for the whole of mankind. His sympathy for others moves him to a genuine prayer for the homeless.Poor naked wretches, wheresoeer you areThat bide the pelting of this pitless storm,How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,Your looped and windowed raggedness defend youFrom seasons such as these? (3/4/28)The animal images in Toms nonsense ravings are used to personify the seven deadly sins. False of heart, light of ear, bloody of hand; hog in sloth, fox in stealth, wolf ingreediness, dog in madness, lion in prey. (3/4/84) Lear, in his ignorance has certainly been guilty of committing a few of these sins. For Example, light of ear refers to his stubborn refusal to listen to Kent and the Fools criticism.Lear begins to see that humanity is nothing but the basest of beast when stripped of clothes, perfume and the other trapping of civilisation. He scoffs at this insight and attempts to remove his own clothes.Is man no more than this? Consider him well. Thou owst the worm no silk, the beast no hide, the sheep no wool, the cat no perfume. Ha! Heres three ons sophisticated; thou art the thing itself. Unaccomadated man is no more than a poor, bare forked animal as thou art. (3/4/92)The consequences of Lears meditation on the fragility of humanity and the sins of ingratitude and false pride has led him to feel an passionate sympathy and compassion. Lear is now a changed man from the demanding and authoritarian character he was at the beginning of the play.Lear continues to be obsessed with injustice and in Act 3 Scene 6 he conducts the mock trial of Goneril and Regan. He decides to judge the evilness in their absence. Lear pronounces his punishment on Regan. She is to be atatomises to see what breeds about her heart (3/6/34) Lear is now more searching, wise and just than he was ever before. He asks, Is there any cause in nature that makes these hard hearts? (3/6/35) He has now fully realised the extent of his daughters wickedness. The mock trial has finally exorcised the obsession of ingratitude and King Lears redemption is almost complete.During Act 4 all the chara cters make their way to Dover. In Act 5 we see Lear as a changed man. He appears to be totally insane, but there is wisdom in nonsense ravings. Lear is no longer blind to the devious plans of Goneril and Regan. Prompted by Gloucester he remembers their disrespect, empty promises and false loyalty. they flattered me like a dog and told me I had white hairs in my beard ere black ones where there (4/5/125) He raves against hypocrisy, women and sex. He recognises Gloucesters adultery but claims Gloucesters bastard son/ was kinder to his father than my daughters (4/5/125) He realises he has been flattered all his life. By being a king he has been sheltered to the true nature of peoples feelings. He admits that justice is hidden by power and riches and deception of appearances can make justice hard to administer.Through his own sufferings and sinning Lear has emerged not only as king but also as a man. Through his anguish Lear has discovered that all men are susceptible to sinning.We have examined the sins of King Lear. He has committed the sins of pride, vanity, anger and greed and through his own admittance: I am a very foolish, fond old man.I am mainly ignorant (4/6/57-60) To consider if Lear is more sinned against we must not forget the evil and devious sins committed against him by Goneril and Regan. They flattered him for their own greedy gains. They broke the contract and the bonds of their daughterly duties. They dishonoured him, humiliated him and stripped him of his power. They locked their doors and let an old man face the ravages of a storm. Finally, they plotted and schemed to kill him. The source of their evil is in their absence of love or respect for their father. They set their own self-interests and ambitions above any traditional bonds. Once they have the power they desired they have no further interest in Lear .He is simply a nuisance and gets in the way.In the tender scene of reconciliation, Act 4 Scene 6, Cordelias speech before Lear awakes, em phasises the extent to which Lear has been a victim at the hands of Goneril and Regan: ..and let this kiss/ repair those violent harm that my two sisters / Have in thy reverence made. (4/6/27)When Lear awakes, both he and Cordelia attempt to kneel. She is honouring her king and he is begging her forgiveness. Lear now understands how limited his understanding is.Finally, Is King Lear more sinned against than sinner? It is clear that the answer is yes. King Lear is as much of a victim as he is perpetrator. Furthermore, King Lear through his suffering and madness was able to redeem his own sins and gain the forgiveness of Cordelia. He has clearly learnt to love unconditionally. Goneril and Regan on the other hand have through their own sins of avarice and ambition brought about their own self-destruction.

Why Use Endnotes, Endnotes vs. Footnotes

Why Use Endnotes, Endnotes vs. Footnotes Even though parenthetical style citations have become popular in modern academia, there are plenty of times when they are not quite appropriate. You might find that you are dealing with an old-school editor who requires the use of endnotes. In fact, for many manuscript publications, endnotes are the preferred method of citation. Why Use Endnotes? Endnotes are a wonderful solution to the break in flow that citations can sometimes create. When you use them, you can be sure that your text will not be interrupted by more than a single superscript number. The reader can then turn to the back of the book or paper to read the entire citation, if they so choose. Much of the reason that we use any type of citationwhether an APA style citation or Chicago Style citationis to provide healthy proof for our claims. We want to make sure that we can write with authority, and provide backing for the theoretical points we make. We also want to be sure that we can properly utilize the works of those who have gone before us. Endnotes vs. Footnotes Because of this, few readers are interested in reading footnotes at the end of each page. In fact, many readers find it distracting, and will only desire footnotes for further investigation on the topic at hand. Because of this, endnotes have remained a quite popular reference solution in the publication realms.

An Economic Concern In A South American Country Assignment

An Economic Concern In A South American Country - Assignment Example Over the past eight years, it experienced its single drop in GDP in the year 2009 when GDP fell by 0.6 percent. This was caused by the global recession that year. But it was one of the fastest to recover. In 2010, GDP grew by 7.5 percent and for 2011; it is expected to grow 5.6 percent. Moreover, for the next five years, barring any severe external shocks like another global recession, Brazil’s economy is expected to grow by 5.5 – 6 percent (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). Much of this growth comes from the services sector. It accounts for the biggest slice of total GDP with 67.5 percent. About 66 percent of the country’s labor force is employed in this sector (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). Major industries comprising this sector include telecommunications, energy, banking, commerce and computing services. In the field of energy, Brazil is one of the largest producers of hydroelectric power. It is also the ninth largest oil producer in the world. In the field of bank ing, large foreign banks have made huge investments in the country (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). The manufacturing industry is another large contributor to GDP with 26.4 percent of the total GDP pie and employs 14 percent of total labor force. Industries found in the country are automobile and parts, machinery and equipment, petrochemicals, computers, aircraft, textiles, steel, cement and consumer durables (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). Making up ten percent of total GDP is the export sector valued at USD 201.9 billion in 2010 (Gorn, n.d.). The bulk, or 60 percent, of its exports are manufactured and semi-manufactured goods. Commodities like oil, soy, coffee, iron ore and steel has also helped increase total exports. Lastly, Brazil is touted as the world’s largest producer of coffee, sugarcane, tropical fruits and orange juice, and has the largest cattle herd in the world (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). Other agricultural products are soybeans, tobacco, cocoa, corn, cotton and f orest products. Agriculture contributes 6.1 percent of GDP and employs 20 percent of the labor force (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). 4) What are 2–3 relationships between the economic concern you selected and that specific country's economy? Brazil’s growing economy has created a total of 14 million jobs since 2003 (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). Increases in GDP means that goods and services produced by businesses were being bought either by the local market or by the export market. And businesses have responded by increasing supply through the formation of new businesses or expansion of existing businesses. This therefore leads to higher employment rates. Thus, the unemployment rate has significantly gone down over the years. While unemployment increased from 7.9 percent in 2008 to 8.1 percent in 2009, this was mainly due to the slowdown in the global economy. However, in 2010 unemployment again dropped to 6.7 percent (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). The main benefit of hig her employment is higher incomes for the people in general. With higher incomes comes better quality of life. Comparing the per capita figures for 2009 and 2010, per capita income rose by 7.5 percent for the period (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). This has translated to higher demand for goods and services. With more money in people’s hands, generally, people’s tendency is to spend, which again redounds to the benefit of

The Globalisation of Logistics and Supply Chains Coursework

The Globalisation of Logistics and Supply Chains - Coursework Example This paper illustrates that every business needs to have an effective strategy that enables it to be strategically ready to deal with the effects of globalization. There are some scholars who believe that globalization only causes problems; contrastingly, some believe that it has both challenges and opportunities that businesses can exploit. Those who are anti-globalization are usually concerned that the phenomenon will cause economic catastrophe and that it should, therefore, be avoided. Anti-globalisation individuals look at globalization from a political point of view and argue that it will have a negative effect on economies around the world (because politics affect economies, so those who are against the globalization believe that globalization makes it easier for international politics affect economies negatively). However, globalization can also be examined from a business point of view. The 19th century was the dawn of globalization. According to Rugman and Collinson, if the right strategies are implemented, firms—and especially big firms, such as multinationals—can benefit a great deal from globalization. According to Worthington and Britton, the firms that have been able to develop an effective global strategy have also been able to advance their interests and increase their global market share while improving their sales and profit margins. A very good example of this is Coca-Cola, which was one of the first multinational firms to begin formulating and implementing a global business strategy even before the debate on globalization was ignited. Because of this, the company was able to come up with ways to take over the global soft drink market, and today, the firm’s products are available and adored all over the globe, even in the least developed regions. This has made Coca-Cola the leader in its industry. Market participation refers to the ways in which firms are able to participate in strategic markets around the world. The worl d consists of more than 200 countries, and even the most globalized firms have been unable to reach all these countries.

Intracellular Bacteria Survival Strategies

Intracellular Bacteria Survival Strategies Survival strategies of intracellular bacteria to amoeba grazing Free living amoebae are unicellular protozoan that are ubiquitous in various environments. They mainly feed on bacteria through phagocytosis, and kill them in phagosome, which is a harsh acidic environment that contains different antimicrobial weapons. Amoebae grazing has been suggested to be one of the major forces that shaping bacterial abundance and diversity. However, some bacteria have developed strategies to survive phagocytosis by free-living amoebae and are able to exploit host cell resources. Below we try to summarize our current knowledge on the diverse mechanisms that are used by intracellular pathogens to overcome amoebae defenses. The most obvious strategy is to escape from the phagosome so that intracellular pathogens can avoid amoebae killing. Because phagosome is generally viewed as a harsh environment where ingested bacteria are confronted with acidification, oxidative burst, nutrient deprivation, and various antimicrobial small molecules. For instance, some members of the genus Mycobacterium, such as Mycobacterium marinum and M. tuberculosis, have evolved the ability to escape from phagosome into the host cytosol. This process requires the mycobaterial type VII secretion system ESX-1. In addition, both M. marinum and M. tuberculosis can be ejected from the cell through an F-actin structure ejectosome to spread cell to cell [1,2]. In general, cytosol is considered as permissive for bacterial growth, as it provides nutrients and is protected from host immune killing [3]. Therefore it is an ideal place for bacteria to thrive after escaping from phagosome. However, some intracellular pathogens can invade more unusual intracellular niches such as the eukaryotic nucleus. This includes in the free living amoebae Naegleria clarki [4] and more recently in another amoeba strain Hartmannella sp. [5]. These so called intranuclear bacteria are relatively rare and current studies suggest an independent evolutionary origin of an intranuclear life style. Taken together, after escaping intracellular bacteria can live in either cytosol or nucleus. The second strategy is to stay within the phagosomal vacuole, but subvert its antimicrobial mechanisms. These include preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion, modulating phagosomal pH, damaging phagosomal membranes, and/or quenching oxidative bursts [6]. Intracellular pathogens can utilize a combination of these approaches. For instance, Legionella pneumophila has evolved a complex system which allows the bacteria to hijack the phagocytic vacuole [7]. It can evade the endocytic pathway and the subsequent phagosome-lysosome fusion, delays its acidification and establishes a safe intracellular niche called Legionella containing vacuole (LCV), which allows intracellular replication [7,8]. Further studies suggest that L. pneumophila uses the Icm/Dot type IV secretion system (T4SS) and the Lsp type II secretion system (T2SS) to avoid killing and exploit host resources [7,9]. There are plenty of other bacteria using similar strategies [10]. However, a very special case is that some intracellu lar pathogens can exploit the complex cycle of the social amoeba. In the amoeba farming symbiosis, our lab group has found that some wild Dictyostelium discoideum clones stably associate with different bacterial partners and use them as food and weapons [11-14]. These clones are called farmers because they can seed and harvest their crops in new environments [14]. In addition, two clades of inedible Burkholderia bacteria have been found to induce farming, causing the amoeba host to carry them, along with edible crop bacteria [11]. Another recent case shows that Bordetella bronchiseptica can also exploit the complex life cycle of D. discoideum. Interestingly, B. bronchiseptica resides outside the D. discoideum spores, while the carried Burkholderia localize both inside and outside of spores, indicating these two bacteria have different exit strategies. Overall, the majority of intracellular pathogens occupy phagosomal vacuole, while only some are able to escape the phagosome [6]. This is possibly due to the fact that specialized mechanisms are needed to escape from phagosome [3,6]. There is no clear relationship between the type of survival strategies and whether the microbe is an obligate or facultative intracellular pathogen [6]. References 1. Hagedorn M, Rohde KH, Russell DG, Soldati T (2009) Infection by Tubercular Mycobacteria Is Spread by Nonlytic Ejection from Their Amoeba Hosts. Science 323: 1729-1733. 2. Gerstenmaier L, Pilla R, Herrmann L, Herrmann H, Prado M, et al. (2015) The autophagic machinery ensures nonlytic transmission of mycobacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112: E687-E692. 3. Ray K, Marteyn B, Sansonetti PJ, Tang CM (2009) Life on the inside: the intracellular lifestyle of cytosolic bacteria. Nature Reviews Microbiology 7: 333-340. 4. Schulz F, Horn M (2015) Intranuclear bacteria: inside the cellular control center of eukaryotes. Trends in Cell Biology 25: 339-346. 5. Schulz F, Lagkouvardos I, Wascher F, Aistleitner K, Kostanjsek R, et al. (2014) Life in an unusual intracellular niche: a bacterial symbiont infecting the nucleus of amoebae. ISME Journal 8: 1634-1644. 6. Casadevall A (2008) Evolution of Intracellular Pathogens. Annual Review of Microbiology 62: 19-33. 7. Hoffmann C, Harrison CF, Hilbi H (2014) The natural alternative: protozoa as cellular models for Legionella infection. Cellular Microbiology 16: 15-26. 8. Escoll P, Rolando M, Gomez-Valero L, Buchrieser C (2013) From amoeba to macrophages: exploring the molecular mechanisms of Legionella pneumophila infection in both hosts. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 376: 1-34. 9. Hubber A, Kubori T, Nagai H (2014) Modulation of the Ubiquitination Machinery by Legionella. Molecular Mechanisms in Legionella Pathogenesis 376: 227-247. 10. Steinert M (2011) Pathogen-host interactions in Dictyostelium, Legionella, Mycobacterium and other pathogens. Seminars in Cell Developmental Biology 22: 70-76. 11. DiSalvo S, Haselkorn TS, Bashir U, Jimenez D, Brock DA, et al. (2015) Burkholderia bacteria infectiously induce the proto-farming symbiosis of Dictyostelium amoebae and food bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112: E5029-E5037. 12. Stallforth P, Brock DA, Cantley AM, Tian XJ, Queller DC, et al. (2013) A bacterial symbiont is converted from an inedible producer of beneficial molecules into food by a single mutation in the gacA gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 14528-14533. 13. Brock DA, Read S, Bozhchenko A, Queller DC, Strassmann JE (2013) Social amoeba farmers carry defensive symbionts to protect and privatize their crops. Nature Communications 4. 14. Brock DA, Douglas TE, Queller DC, Strassmann JE (2011) Primitive agriculture in a social amoeba. Nature 469: 393-396.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essay -- Medical Technology Medicine Essays

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging has the potential of totally replacing computed tomography. If history was rewritten, and CT invented after MRI, nobody would bother to pursue CT. --Philip Drew (Mattson and Simon, 1996) WHAT IT IS Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or commonly known as MRI, is a technique used in medicine for producing images of tissues inside the body. It is an important diagnostic tool because it enables physicians to identify abnormal tissue without opening the body through surgery. MRI lets physicians see through bones and organs. MRI does not expose the patient to radiation, unlike tests that use X-rays. MRI provides an unparallel view inside the human body. It is the method of choice for the diagnosis of certain diseases, disorders, and injuries. MRI is safe for most people, but it uses a powerful magnet and so cannot be used on people with metal implants, such as pacemakers or artificial joints (World Book, 2000). WHAT IT IS LIKE INSIDE Three main components make up an MRI unit: a magnet, devices for transmitting and receiving radio waves, and a computer. The patient is placed inside a machine that has a huge magnet. There is a horizontal tube running through the magnet from front to back. This tube is known as the bore of the magnet. The patient, lying on his or her back, slides into the bore on a special table. Once the body part to be scanned is in the exact center or isocenter of the magnetic field, the scan can begin (www.howstuffworks.com). The magnetic field causes the nuclei of certain atoms inside the body to line up. The machine then sends out a radio signal, which causes the nuclei to change direction. The change create signals that a computer translates to produce ... ...ams are also very expensive. (www.howstuffworks.com) For most patients, the numerous benefits of MRI far outweigh the drawbacks. MRI can provide you with an abundant amount of information about your health.MRI is a tool to diagnose, visualize, amd evaluate parts of our body. MRI can help prevent the spread of diseases by catching them in their early stages, and so still treatable. Staying healthy is probably the most important thing that we can do. Medical technology, such as MRI, can help us do that. Sources: Lauterbur, Paul C., and Liang, Zhi-Pei, Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, IEEE Press, New York, 2000, p. 2-4. Mattson, James, and Simon, Merrill,The Story of MRI, Bar-Ilan University Press, New York, 1996, p. 1. World Book Encyclopedia, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, World Book Inc., Chicago, Vol 13, 2000, p. 56-57. www.howstuffworks.com

National Identity Cards

Identity (ID) cards are known for their utility and integrity, which led to the adoption of its use by many countries all over the world. Some countries even have national IDs, which are officially released and which use is mandatory to all who sojourn in said territories. Examples of these countries that have a national ID system are France, Germany, Belgium, Luxemburg, Spain, and Greece. On the other hand, many developed countries such as Australia, Sweden, Canada, and the United States, did not adopt such an identification system. National ID systems are established to serve two main purposes. The first one is to increase the police powers of the State. Consequently, ID cards can help the State reduce crime rate, conduct social engineering, and reduce the threat of insurgents or political extremists. The second purpose is to establish a comprehensive and useful administration of government services. The technology behind modern ID systems, such as the magnetic stripes and the microprocessor technology, ID cards offer a valuable towards the more efficient delivery of government services. However, while it appears that having a National ID system may offer many advantages, such a system could also pave the way for abuses on civil rights, invasion of privacy, and discrimination. In addition, the establishment of such a comprehensive registration system, would entail a huge amount in costs, which is an important consideration to make. All of these considerations should be weighed in order to reach at an intelligent decision on the issue of whether citizens of the United States should be required to carry National IDs. Â   Â   Â   Â